Physics For Game Development

To have convincing physical behaviour, an object in a game must accelerate correctly and be affected by collisions, gravity and other forces. Unity’s built-in physics engines provide components that handle the physical simulation for you. With just a few parameter settings, you can create objects that behave passively in a realistic way (ie, they will be moved by collisions and falls but will not start moving by themselves). By controlling the physics from scripts, you can give an object the dynamics of a vehicle, a machine or even a moving piece of cloth. This page gives an overview of the main physics components in Unity with links for further reading.
Note: there are actually two separate physics engines in Unity, one for 3D physics and one for 2D physics. The main concepts are identical between the two engines (except for the extra dimension in 3D) but they are implemented with different components. So for example, there is Rigidbody component for 3D physics and an analogous Rigidbody 2D for 2D physics.